Julius Caesar followed Sulla's example in 49 BC and in February 44 BC was proclaimed Dictator perpetuo, 'Dictator in perpetuity', officially doing away with any limitations on his power, which he kept until his assassination the following month.

Dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943 and, dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945A dictator is a political leader who possesses. A is a state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique. The word originated as the title of a in the appointed by the to rule the republic in times of emergency (see and ).Like the term ' (which was originally a non-pejorative Ancient Greek title), and to a lesser degree ', 'dictator' came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive rule. Thus, in modern usage, the term 'dictator' is generally used to describe a leader who holds or abuses an extraordinary amount of. Dictatorships are often characterised by some of the following: suspension of and; proclamation of a;;; not abiding by the procedures,. Dictatorships are often or states.A wide variety of leaders coming to power in different kinds of regimes, such as, and civilian governments under a personal rule, have been described as dictators.

They may hold or views, or may be. Main article:Originally an emergency legal appointment in the, the term 'Dictator' did not have the negative meaning it has now. A Dictator was a given sole power for a limited duration. At the end of the term, the Dictator's power was returned to normal whereupon a dictator provided accountability, though not all dictators accepted a return to power sharing.The term started to get its modern negative meaning with 's ascension to the following, making himself the first Dictator in in more than a century (during which the office was ostensibly abolished) as well as eliminating the time limit and need of senatorial acclamation. He avoided a major constitutional crisis by resigning the office after about one year, dying a few years later. Followed Sulla's example in 49 BC and in February 44 BC was proclaimed, 'Dictator in perpetuity', officially doing away with any limitations on his power, which he kept until the following month.Following Julius' assassination, his heir was offered the title of dictator, but he declined it.

Later successors also declined the title of dictator, and usage of the title soon diminished among Roman rulers.Modern era. 2017 by in which countries marked in different shades of red of are considered undemocratic, with many being dictatorships.As late as the second half of the 19th century, the term dictator had occasional positive implications. For example, during the, the national leader was often referred to as dictator, without any negative connotations, by his supporters and detractors alike, although his official title was that of regent-president.

When creating a provisional in during the in 1860, officially assumed the title of 'Dictator' (see ). Shortly afterwards, during the 1863 in Poland, 'Dictator' was also the official title of four leaders, the first being.Past that time, however, the term dictator assumed an invariably negative connotation.

In popular usage, a dictatorship is often associated with brutality and oppression. As a result, it is often also used as a term of abuse against political opponents.

The term has also come to be associated with. Many dictators create a around themselves and they have also come to grant themselves increasingly grandiloquent titles and honours. For instance, who had been a British army prior to 's independence from Britain in October 1962, subsequently styled himself ', Idi Amin Dada, VC, Conqueror of the in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular'. In the (1940), satirized not only but the institution of dictatorship itself.A benevolent dictatorship refers to a government in which an leader exercises absolute political power over the state but is perceived to do so with the regard for benefit of the population as a whole, standing in contrast to the decidedly malevolent stereotype of a dictator. A benevolent dictator may allow for some or to exist, such as through public or with limited power, and often makes preparations for a during or after their term.

It might be seen as a a form of.The label has been applied to leaders such as of (1936–41), of (1953–80), and of (1959–90).The association between a dictator and the is a common one; many dictators take great pains to emphasize their connections with the military and they often wear military uniforms. In some cases, this is perfectly legitimate; was a lieutenant general in the Spanish Army before he became of; was officially commander of the Defense Forces. In other cases, the association is mere pretense.Some dictators have been masters of, such as Mussolini and Hitler. Others were more prosaic speakers, such as Stalin and Franco.

Typically the dictator's people seize control of all media, censor or destroy the opposition, and give strong doses of daily, often built around a. Modern usage in formal titles. 1889Because of its negative and pejorative, modern authoritarian leaders very rarely (if ever) use the term dictator in their formal titles, instead they most often simply have title of.

In the 19th century, however, its official usage was more common:. was styled Dictator from 11 August – 13 August 1849, during the last days of the. In the former city-state of, and while it was a republic resisting by either the kingdom of or the Austrian empire, a former Chief Executive (president, 23 March 1848 – 5 July 1848), (b. 1857), was styled Dictator 11–13 August 1848 before joining the 13 August 1848 – 7 March 1849 Triumvirate. The (27 May – 4 November 1860) was a provisional executive government appointed by to rule.

Crown Prince and de facto dictator of the, is said to have used torture against his political enemies at home, whilst the under his decree has caused a famine.Over time, dictators have been known to use tactics that violate human rights. For example, under the dictator, government policy was enforced by, and the notorious system of concentration camps.

Most Gulag inmates were not political prisoners, although significant numbers of political prisoners could be found in the camps at any one time. Data collected from Soviet archives gives the death toll from Gulags at 1,053,829. Other human rights abuses by the Soviet state included, and the denial of freedoms of religion, assembly, speech and association.became dictator of in 1975. In all, an estimated 1.7 million people (out of a population of 7 million) died due to the policies of his four-year dictatorship. As a result, Pol Pot is sometimes described as 'the of Cambodia' and 'a genocidal tyrant'.

This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( March 2017) In, the notion of a dictator is formally defined as a person who can achieve any feasible social outcome he/she wishes. The formal definition yields an interesting distinction between two different types of dictators. The strong dictator has, for any social goal he/she has in mind (e.g. Raise taxes, having someone killed, etc.), a definite way of achieving that goal. This can be seen as having explicit absolute power, like. The weak dictator has, for any social goal he/she has in mind, and for any political scenario, a course of action that would bring about the desired goal.

For the weak dictator, it is usually not enough to 'give their orders', rather he/she has to manipulate the political scene appropriately. This means that the weak dictator might actually be lurking in the shadows, working within a political setup that seems to be non-dictatorial. An example of such a figure is, who controlled Renaissance.Note that these definitions disregard some alleged dictators who are not interested in the actual achieving of social goals, as much as in and controlling public opinion. And are also excluded from these definitions, because their rule relies on the consent of other political powers (the or the ).See also.References Notes. Mussolini and his followers consolidated their power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a. Within five years, Mussolini had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means and aspired to create a state.

Mussolini remained in power until he was deposed by King in 1943, but a few months later he became the leader of the, a German client regime in northern Italy – Mussolini held this post until his death in 1945. A He conferred a on himself from. B The Victorious Cross (VC) was a medal made to emulate the British.Citations. Luisa Quartermaine (2000). Intellect Books. P. 21. 'Dictatorship' at.

From the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008. Papaioannou, Kostadis; vanZanden, Jan Luiten (2015).

'The Dictator Effect: How long years in office affect economic development'. Journal of Institutional Economics.

11 (1): 111–139. Olson, Mancur (1993). 'Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development'. 87 (3). 2017-07-27 at the by Freedom House, January 31, 2017. (PDF). Archived from (PDF) on 18 February 2018.

Retrieved 17 February 2018. Keatley, Patrick (18 August 2003). From the original on 2013-12-05.

Retrieved 2008-03-18. Shapiro, Susan; Shapiro, Ronald (2004).All Yugoslavs had educational opportunities, jobs, food, and housing regardless of nationality. Tito, seen by most as a benevolent dictator, brought peaceful co-existence to the Balkan region, a region historically synonymous with factionalism.' .

Miller, Matt (2012-05-02). The Washington Post. From the original on 2016-03-11.

Retrieved 2015-11-25. Morstein, Marx Fritz; et al. (March 2007).

Propaganda and Dictatorship. Princeton UP.

From the original on 2016-09-18. Retrieved 6 January 2016. National Historical Commission. 7 September 2012. From the original on 2017-01-27.

Retrieved 26 May 2018. On June 20, Aguinaldo issued a decree organizing the judiciary, and on June 23, again upon Mabini’s advice, major changes were promulgated and implemented: change of government from Dictatorial to Revolutionary; change of the Executive title from Dictator to President. Philippine Legislature:100 Years, Cesar Pobre.

Dune, Eduard Martynovich; Koenker, Diane; Smith, S. (April 1993). Urbana Illinois, U.S.A.:.

From the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2016-01-06. Middle East Eye. 24 November 2018. From the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Summers, Hannah (15 October 2018).

From the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018. Somatic nervous system.

'Gulag Prisoner Population Statistics from 1934 to 1953.' Wasatch, n.d. 16 July 2016: 'According to a 1993 study of Soviet archival data, a total of 1,053,829 people died in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953.

However, taking into account that it was common practice to release prisoners who were either suffering from incurable diseases or on the point of death, the actual Gulag death toll was somewhat higher, amounting to 1,258,537 in 1934-53, or 1.6 million deaths during the whole period from 1929 to 1953.' 20 October 2011. From the original on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 4 March 2017.

William Branigin, 2013-05-09 at the, April 17, 1998. ' 2018-06-10 at the '. 8 May 2018.

' 2018-05-16 at the '. July 14, 2008. Archived from on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2007-12-02.

Lloyd, Lorna (2007) p.239Bibliography. Bunce & Wolchik, Valerie, Sharon L. Retrieved 5 March 2013. Issac, Jeffrey C. Retrieved 5 March 2013.

Pavlowitch, Stevan K. New York, NY:. CS1 maint: ref=harv External links. The dictionary definition of at Wiktionary.

US lawmakers blast WHO over COVID-19 response

WHO director pressured to testify about China ties; reaction and analysis on 'The Five.'

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The head of the World Health Organization (WHO), now under fire for his handling of the coronavirus crisis and the organization’s pro-China stance, is no stranger to controversy. In 2017 he revoked the appointment of Zimbabwean dictator Robert Mugabe as “goodwill ambassador” after considerable public uproar across the globe.

The embattled U.N. agency’s recent handling of the coronavirus pandemic has led to suggestions by President Trump and top Republican lawmakers that the agency could be defunded by the U.S. -- the top financial contributor.

The agency put out a tweet in January that quoted “preliminary” findings from Chinese authorities that downplayed the seriousness of the virus, claiming researchers had found that it could not be spread person-to-person.

WHO Director Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus has come under fire, in particular, for remarks he made, in which he said that China has been “setting a new standard for outbreak response.'

'The speed with which China detected the outbreak, isolated the virus, sequenced the genome and shared it with WHO and the world are very impressive, and beyond words. So is China’s commitment to transparency and to supporting other countries,” he said in January.

He recently responded to the criticism, warning politicians not to “politicize” the crisis.

“We will have many body bags in front of us if we don’t behave,” he said. “When there are cracks at [the] national level and global level, that is when the virus succeeds.'

But it isn’t the first time Tedros has been the center of a global controversy.

In October 2017 he announced that Mugabe had agreed to be a “goodwill ambassador” on non-communicable diseases. Mugabe, then 93, sat alongside him when he made the announcement.

Mugabe ruled Zimbabwe as a tyrant, overseeing bloodshed, land seizures, suppression of political opponents, economic ruin and mass human rights abuses -- for which he was sanctioned by the U.S. -- for nearly 40 years until his ouster by a military coup in 2017. He faced further criticism for going overseas for medical treatment as the economy and health care system in his home country collapsed.

The United States had said at the time that the WHO appointment 'clearly contradicts the United Nations ideals of respect for human rights and human dignity.'

Two dozen organizations -- including the World Heart Federation and Cancer Research U.K. -- released a statement strongly opposing the appointment, saying health officials were 'shocked and deeply concerned.' The groups said they had raised their concerns with Tedros on the sidelines of the Uruguay conference. But he had carried on with the appointment regardless.

Within days of the announcement, however, Tedros rescinded the appointment.

“I have listened carefully to all who have expressed their concerns, and heard the different issues that they have raised. I have also consulted with the Government of Zimbabwe and we have concluded that this decision is in the best interests of the World Health Organization,” he said in a statement.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.